ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction Brazil is one of the countries with the highest rates of alcohol-related traffic infractions, but little is known about the profile of the drivers who commit them. Identifying the characteristics of impaired drivers is essential for planning preventive actions. Objective To compare drug use and driving behavior profiles of drivers with and without alcohol-related infractions. Methods 178 drivers stopped at routine roadblocks were assessed by traffic agents who conducted standard roadblock procedures (document verification; request of a breathalyzer test [BT]). Drug use and driving behavior data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Subjects were divided into three groups: drivers who refused the BT (RDs, n = 72), drivers who tested positive on the BT (PDs, n = 34), and drivers who had committed other infractions (ODs, n = 72). Results The proportion of alcohol use in the last year was higher among RDs (100%) than in the PD and OD groups (97.1% and 72.2% respectively, p < 0.001). Lifetime prevalence of cannabis and cocaine use for the overall sample was 44.3% and 18.2%, respectively. Fewer individuals in the OD group (31.5%) reported having been stopped at roadblocks in the previous year compared to the PDs (55.9%) and RDs (48.6%, p = 0.03). However, a higher proportion of RDs reported drunk driving in the same period (87.5%; PD 69.7%; OD 26.9%; p < 0.001). Conclusion Essential differences among groups were observed. RDs had a higher proportion of alcohol use and drunk driving in the previous year; drivers who fit into this particular group may be unresponsive or less responsive to social deterrence and enforcement actions.
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Automobile Driving/statistics & numerical data , Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Driving Under the Influence/physiology , Brazil/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Police , Alcoholism/epidemiologyABSTRACT
The species Drimys angustifolia Miers and D. brasiliensis Miers, commonly known as "casca-de-anta", have in their leaves essential oils that can confer cytotoxic effects. In this study, we evaluated the citotoxic effects of the volatile oils from these two species. We also proposed a nanoemulsion formulation for each of the species and assessed the in vitro cytotoxicity on U-138 MG (human glioblastoma) and T24 (human bladder carcinoma) cell lines. The plant chemical composition was evaluated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometer. Furthermore, the nanoemulsions were prepared and characterized. Our results showed that; bicyclogermacrene (19.6%) and cyclocolorenone (18.2%) were the most abundant for the D angustifolia oil and D brasiliensis oil, respectively. Both nanoemulsions, D angustifolia and D brasiliensis appeared macroscopically homogeneous and opalescent bluish liquids, with nanometric mean diameters of 168 nm for D brasiliensis and 181 nm for D angustifolia. The polydispersity indices were below 0.10, with an acid pH of 4.7-6.3, and negative zeta potentials about -34 mV. The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that droplets are present in the nanometer range. Only the D brasiliensis oil was efficient in reducing the cell viability of both U-138 MG (42.5%±7.0 and 67.8%±7.8) and T24 (33.2%±2.8, 60.3%±1.6 and 80.5%±8.8) cell lines, as assessed by MTT assay. Noteworthy, similar results were obtained with cell counting. Finally, D brasiliensis oil incubation caused an increase of annexin-V and propidium iodite population, according to evaluation by cytometry analysis, what is characteristic of late apoptosis. The results presented herein lead us to consider the potential therapeutic effects of the essential oils and nanoformulations as novel strategies to inhibit tumor growth.
ABSTRACT
Amostras de Ephedra tweediana Fisch & C.A. Meyer, coletadas de populações nativas da Reserva Biológica do Lami José Lutzenberger (Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil), e amostras de Ephedra triandra Tul., obtidas de plantas cultivadas em Porto Alegre/RS, foram extraídas com acetona, derivatizadas com ciclohexanona e analisadas por CG/EM. Para verificação da eficiência da metodologia, além das amostras de Ephedra tweediana e E. triandra, foram analisadas cinco amostras comerciais de Ephedra, de procedências distintas, cedidas por farmácias de manipulação locais. Os resultados encontrados indicam a ausência de efedrinas em Ephedra tweediana e E. triandra e presença de efedrina e/ou pseudoefedrina nas amostras comerciais.
Samples of Ephedra tweediana, collected from native populations occurring in the Reserva Biológica do Lami José Lutzenberger (Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil), and from cultivated plants of Ephedra triandra were submitted to extraction with acetone, derivatized with cyclohexanone and analyzed by GC/MS. In order to verify the efficiency of the methodology, besides Ephedra tweediana and E. triandra, samples of five commercial Ephedra extracts were analyzed, from distinct origins, get up from local drugstores. The results showed the absence of ephedrines in Ephedra tweediana and E. triandra, and the presence of ephedrine and/or pseudoephedrine in commercial samples.